PERSPEKTIVNYE MATERIALY
Title
Chemical stability of Nd0.33Zr2(PO4)3fine-grained
ceramics with the kosnarite structure
at high temperatures
L. S. Alekseeva, A. V. Nokhrin, A. I. Orlova, M. S. Boldin,
A. V. Voronin, A. A. Murashov, V. N. Chuvil’deev
Chemical stability of Nd0.33Zr2(PO4)3fine-grained ceramics, which can be used for immobilization of REE that are part of the HLW was studied. Single-phase Nd0.33Zr2(PO4)3submicron powders with the structure of the mineral kosnarite were obtained by colloid-chemical synthesis. Powders were obtained by successive annealing at 600, 800, and 900 °C for 6 h at each stage. Ceramics Nd0.33Zr2(PO4)3has been obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method. The relative density of ceramics was 89.9 %; the average grain size was 5 – 20 μm. The chemical stability of the ceramics in the static mode at 90 °C in distilled water, mineral waters, as well as in acidic media (0.1 M HCl) and alkaline media (0.01 M NaOH) was studied. Ceramics have high hydrolytic stability. The influence of the contact medium on the rate leaching and mechanism of Nd leaching from the surface of Nd0.33Zr2(PO4)3fine-grained ceramic samples has been studied. The de Groot-van der Sloot model was used to analyze the obtained time dependences of the leaching rate Ri. Nd leaching in acidic medium occurs due to dissociation of Nd from the ceramic surface, in alkaline medium and mineral water due to diffusion from the inner layers, in distilled water due to the dissolution of the ceramic surface layer.
Keywords: mineral-like matrices, kosnarite, ceramics, hydrolytic testing, leaching mechanism.
DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-5-16
Alekseeva Ludmila — National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (603022 Nizhniy Novgorod, Gagarina ave., 23), junior researcher, specialist in synthesis of new materials. E-mail: golovkina_lyudmila@mail.ru.
Nokhrin Aleksey — National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (603022, Nizhniy Novgorod, Gagarina ave., 23), Dr Sci, senior researcher, specialist in the diffusion processes. E-mail: nokhrin@nifti.unn.ru.
Orlova Albina — National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (603022, Nizhniy Novgorod, Gagarina ave., 23), Dr Sci, chief researcher, specialist in the synthesis of new materials. E-mail: albina.orlova@gmail.com.
Boldin Maksim — National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (603022, Nizhniy Novgorod, Gagarina ave., 23), PhD, researcher, specialist in the spark plasma sintering. E-mail: boldin@nifti.unn.ru.
Voronin Aleksey — National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (603022, Nizhniy Novgorod, Gagarina ave., 23), engineer, specialist in the spark plasma sintering. E-mail: voronin@nifti.unn.ru.
Murashov Artem — National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (603022, Nizhniy Novgorod, Gagarina ave., 23), engineer, specialist in electron microscopy. E-mail: aamurashov@nifti.unn.ru.
Chuvil’deev Vladimir — National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (603022, Nizhniy Novgorod, Gagarina ave., 23), Dr Sci, chief researcher, specialist in the diffusion processes. E-mail: chuvildeev@nifti.unn.ru.
Alekseeva L.S., Nokhrin A.V., Orlova A.I., Boldin M.S., Voronin A.V., Murashov A.A., Chuvil’deev V.N. Himicheskaya ustojchivost' melkozernistoj keramiki na osnove fosfata Nd0,33Zr2(PO4)3 so strukturoj kosnarita pri povyshennyh temperaturah [Chemical stability of Nd0.33Zr2(PO4)3fine-grained ceramics with the kosnarite structure at high temperatures]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2024, no. 4, pp. 5 – 16. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-5-16
Evaluation of the biological effect of medical devices:
general requirements for biological safety
(analytical review)
V. I. Sevastianov, N. V. Perova, E. V. Arzumanyants,
N. M. Perova, N. V. Kaminskaya, I. A. Dovzhik
The main goal of the article is to familiarize specialists working in the field of medical devices (MD) with existing approaches to the study of their biocompatibility, set out in the standards of the GOST ISO 10993 series. The concept of the GOST ISO 10993 series of standards is to establish the biological safety and functional effectiveness of MD in the terms of biological risk, as necessary and sufficient conditions for biocompatibility of MD in the clinical application. The main attention in the general scheme of assessing the biological safety of MD is paid to the program of toxicological studies (tests), consisting of a set of methods that take into account the category, purpose and duration of MD functioning.
Keywords: GOST ISO 10993, medical device, biocompatibility, biological safety, functional efficacy, toxicological studies, biological risk.
DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-17-30
Sevastianov Victor — Autonomous non-profit organization “Institute of Biomedical Research and Technology” (123557, Moscow, B. Tishinsky Lane, 43/20, p. 2), professor, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Director, specialist in the field of biomaterials, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, standards development. E-mail: viksev@imbiit.com.
Perova Nadezhda — Autonomous non-profit organization “Institute of Biomedical Research and Technology” (123557, Moscow, B. Tishinsky Lane, 43/20, p. 2), Doctor of Biological Sciences, Deputy Director for scientific and practical work, specialist in the field of standards development, preclinical testing of medical devices and medicines. E-mail: 89266076625@mail.ru
Arzumanyants Elena — Autonomous non-profit organization “Institute of Biomedical Research and Technology” (123557, Moscow, B. Tishinsky Lane, 43/20, p. 2), head of the Department of regulatory and technical documentation, specialist in the field of preclinical testing of medical devices. E-mail: elenaimbiit@mail.ru.
Perova Nina — Autonomous non-profit organization “Institute of Biomedical Research and Technology” (123557, Moscow, B. Tishinsky Lane, 43/20, p. 2), PhD of Medical Sciences, senior researcher at the Department of regulatory and Technical documentation, specialist in the field of preclinical testing of medical devices and development of standards. E-mail: perova-37@mail.ru.
Kaminskaya Nadezhda — Autonomous non-profit organization “Institute of Biomedical Research and Technology” (123557, Moscow, B. Tishinsky Lane, 43/20, p. 2), leading engineer of the department of regulatory and technical documentation, a specialist in the field of preclinical testing of medical devices and the development of standards. E-mail: tk422@imbiit.com.
Dovzhik Igor — Autonomous non-profit organization “Institute of Biomedical Research and Technology” (123557, Moscow, B. Tishinsky Lane, 43/20, p. 2), Deputy Director of standardization and quality, specialist in the field of standards development and preclinical testing of medical devices. E-mail: 10993@imbiit.com.
Sevastianov V.I., Perova N.V., Arzumanyants E.V., Perova N.M., Kaminskaya N.V., Dovzhik I.A. Ocenka biologicheskoj bezopasnosti medicinskih izdelij (analiticheskij obzor) [Evaluation of the biological effect of medical devices: general requirements for biological safety (analytical review)]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2024, no. 4, pp. 17 – 30. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-17-30
Brushite boron cement with antibacterial properties
I. V. Fadeeva, Shachnoza Fuzailova, I. V. Dudenkov,
P. V. Slukin, N. A. Andreeva, A. V. Knot’ko,
D. V. Deyneko
Boron-containing brushite cements (B-BC) for bone grafting based on B-substituted β-tricalcium phosphate (B-TCP) have been developed. The phase composition and microstructure of B-BC have been studied. It is shown that the crystalline phase of brushite is formed as a result of hardening of cements. The behavior of B-BC in physiological solution containing TRIS-buffer was studied. The strength of B-BC under compression 5 days after mixing is 22.5 ± 1 MPa. Studies of antibacterial activity against gram-negative strain E. coli ATCC25922 and gram-positive strain S. aureus ATCC25923 showed that boron containing brushite cement exhibits antibacterial activity against both strains, causing a decrease in the number of CFU after 3 h of incubation. In vitro studies of the developed B-BC were carried out, it was shown that the developed cements based on TCP and B-TCP are biocompatible and promising for use in bone tissue surgery.
Key words:biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, bioresorbable cement, regenerative medicine.
DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-31-37
Fadeeva Inna — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science, RAS (119334, Leninsky avenue, 49, Moscow, Russia), leading researcher, PhD, specialist in the field of inorganic chemistry and materials in medicine. E-mail: fadeeva_inna@mail.ru.
Shakhnoza Fusailova — Moscow State University Materials Science Department (119991, Moscow, Vorobyovy Gory, 1), student. E-mail: fuzaylova99@bk.ru.
Dudenkov Ivan — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science, RAS (119334, Leninsky avenue, 49, Moscow, Russia), researcher, specialist in the field of inorganic chemistry and boron compounds. E-mail: ivdudenkoff@mail.ru.
Slukin Paul V. — Federal Budgetary Institution of Science State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (FBUN SSC PMB) (142279 Obolensk, block A, Serpukhov district, Moscow region, Russia), scientific associate, specialist in microbiology. E-mail: xopgi@yandex.ru.
Knotko Alexander — Moscow State University Materials Science Department (119991, Moscow, Vorobyovy Gory, 1), professor, specialist in XRD analysis. E-mail: alknt@mail.ru.
Andreeva Nadezhda — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science, RAS (119334, Leninsky avenue, 49, Moscow, Russia), researcher, specialist in the field of analytical chemistry. E-mail: andreeva150388@mail.ru.
Deyneko Dina — Moscow State University Chemical Department (119991, Moscow, Vorobyovy Gory, 1), specialist in the field of chemistry of calcium phosphates. E-mail:
deynekomsu@gmail.com.
Fadeeva I.V., Fuzailova Shachnoza, Dudenkov I.V., Slukin P.V., Andreeva N.A., Knot’ko A.V., Deyneko D.V. Brushitovyj bor-soderzhashchij cement s antibakterial'nymi svojstvami [Brushite boron cement with antibacterial properties]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2024, no. 4, pp. 31 – 37. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-31-37
Synthesis and copolymerization of benzamide
methacrylate with styrene
K. G. Guliyev, V. E. Vakhabova, D. R. Nurullayeva
It has been synthesized a new monomer — benzamide methacrylate and its free radical copolymerization with styrene in mass and solution in benzene in the presence of diazoisobutyric acid AIBN) has been carried out and investigated. The ratio of comonomers was changed in the range of 90:10 – 10:90 mol. %. The total concentration of comonomers is 1.7 mol/l at temperature 70 °C. The composition of the synthesized copolymers was determined by the method of elemental analysis on nitrogen content. The monomer and copolymer have been characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR and NMR). The relative activity constant values of the monomer have been determined and Q – e parameters according to Alfrey – Price have been calculated. For estimation of the nature of the links distribution in the macromolecular chain, the microstructure parameters have been calculated. It has been revealed that in all cases r1 > r2, therefore the copolymer is enriched with benzamide methacrylate links. It has been found that the composition of the formed copolymers depends on the composition of the initial monomer mixture. It has been established that the obtained copolymer has a sufficiently high medical-biological activity, which opens up the possibility of using it as bactericides and fungicides. It has been shown that the copolymers obtained on the basis of benzamide methacrylate are non-toxic and can be used as bactericidal preparations. It has been revealed that the biocidal effect has been primarily connected with the availability of benzamide fragment links in the macro-chain.
Keywords: benzamide methacrylate, copolymerization, antimicrobial and fungicidal properties
DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-38-43
Guliyev Kazim Gafar oglu — Institute of Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Az5004, Sumgait, S.Vurgun Str., 124), Doctor of Chemistry, head of the laboratory, specialist in polymer chemistry. E-mail: ipoma@science.az.
Vakhabova Vusala Enam kizi —Institute of Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Az5004, Sumgait, S.Vurgun Str., 124), researcher, dissertator. E-mail: ipoma@science.az.
Nurullayeva Dilbar Rushan kizi —Institute of Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Az5004, Sumgait, 124 S.Vurgun Str.), head of department, specialist in polymer chemistry. E-mail: ipoma@science.az.
Guliyev K.G., Vakhabova V.E., Nurullayeva D.R. Sintez i sopolimerizaciya benzamidmetakrilata so stirolom [Synthesis and copolymerization of benzamide methacrylate with styrene]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2024, no. 4, pp. 38 – 43. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-38-43
Influence of plastic deformation technology
on mechanical properties of composites based on PTFE
P. N. Petrova, M. A. Markova
This paper presents the results of research on the development of technology for plastic deformation of polymer blanks based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and carbon fibers of the UVIS-AK-P brand in order to increase their strength and creep resistance. The dependence of the physico-mechanical, tribotechnical characteristics and structure formation of the obtained composites on the production technology is investigated. It is established that the composites obtained using various schemes of plastic deformation of polymer blanks differ in the nature of deformation under tension, structure formation and the nature of wear of the samples. It is shown that the use of a multidirectional scheme of plastic deformation of workpieces based on PTFE makes it possible to obtain isotropic polymer materials with improved strength properties and increased resistance to deformation under load.
Keywords: polytetrafluoroethylene, carbon fibers, creep, wear resistance, strength, plastic deformation, yield strength, deformation.
DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-66-76
Bayramov Mazahir Nasreddin oglu — Institute of Radiation Problems of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Baku, Azerbaijan, AZ1143, B. Vakhabzade str., 9), PhD in Physics, head of the laboratory, specialist in the development of composite materials, as well as nanocomposites based on epoxy resins, thermoplastics and magnetic nanofillers, radiothermoluminescence polymer compositions and radiation materials science. E-mail: m.bayramov51@mail.ru.
Nabiyev Asif Arasly ogly —Institute of Radiation Problems of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Baku, Azerbaijan, AZ1143, B. Vakhabzade str., 9; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research named after Frank, Russian Federation, Dubna), PhD in Physics, researcher, specialist in dielectric and thermoactivation spectroscopy, radiothermoluminescence of polymer composition, physical chemistry and radiation materials science. E-mail: asifnebi@gmail.com
Aliyev Nabi Shamshad oglu —Institute of Radiation Problems of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Baku, Azerbaijan, AZ1143, B. Vakhabzade str., 9), PhD in Physics, leading researcher, specialist in dielectric and thermal activation spectroscopy, radiothermoluminescence of polymer compositions, physical chemistry and radiation materials science. E-mail: nabi.aliyev.1958@ mail.ru.
Nuriev Musa Abdulali oglu —Institute of Radiation Problems of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Baku, Azerbaijan, AZ 1143, B. Vakhabzade str., 9), PhD in physical and mathematical sciences, leading researcher, specialist in dielectric and thermoactivation spectroscopy, radiothermoluminescence of polymer composition, physical chemistry and radiation materials science. Email: musa_nuriev@mail.ru.
Bayramov M.N., Nabiev A.A., Aliyev N.Sh., Nuriev M.A. Vliyanie nanochastic oksida zheleza Fe3O4 na strukturu i teplofizicheskie svojstva nanokompozitov na osnove polietilena vysokoj plotnosti [Effect of iron oxide Fe3О4 nanoparticles on the structure and thermophysical properties of nanocomposites based on high-density polyethylene]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2024, no. 4, pp. 44 – 53. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-44-53
Synthesis of carbon nanotubes using microwave
radiation to modify elastomer with improved electrical
and thermal conductivity
Alexander V. Shchegolkov, Alexei V. Shchegolkov,
M. A. Chumak, A. V. Naschykin, K. V. Likhachev
The paper presents a method of microwave influence on ferrocene C10H10Fe and graphite to obtain multilayer carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) — designed to improve the electrical and thermophysical properties of silicon-graphite elastomer (Silagerm 8020). Diagnostics and characterisation of the synthesised MWCNTs were carried out by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. According to SEM data, it follows that the morphology of the synthesised MWCNTs has the form of filamentous formations intertwined in bundles with the diameter of individual MWCNTs from 40 to 60 nm and length up to several microns. At the same time, the surface of most of the MWCNTs is covered with a continuous layer of iron (Fe). The EDX method also confirmed the Fe and oxygen content on the surface of the MWCNTs. XRD method identified the presence of Fe in combination with carbon in the form of Fe3C iron carbide and pure Fe iron at 44.7°. The compound Fe3C, also referred to the active phase of Fe allowing the synthesis of MWCNTs. By increasing the concentration of MWCNTs in the elastomer, an increase in thermal conductivity with percolation transition was achieved at a concentration of 8 % MWCNTs. The maximum thermal conductivity of the nanomodified elastomer was 0.48 W/(m·°C), which corresponded to the mass concentration of MWCNTs equal to 8 wt.%. At the same time, the electrical conductivity of the composite, when the MWCNTs concentration was changed from 1 to 8 %, increased in the range from 4·10–5 to 2.4 cm·cm–1and is also due to the percolation of MWCNTs in the elastomer matrix.
Keywords: multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), ferrocene, catalyst, organosilicon compound, heat release, modifier, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity.
DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-54-65
Shchegolkov Alexander — Tambov State Technical University (Tambov, 392000, Sovetskaya St., 106), PhD (Eng), associate professor, specialist in the field of functional nanomodified materials for energy. E-mail: energynano@yandex.ru.
Shchegolkov Aleksei — Tambov State Technical University (Tambov, 392000, Sovetskaya St., 106), PhD (Eng), engineer, specialist in the field of thin-film functional materials. E-mail: alexxx5000@mail.ru7.
Chumak Maksim — Ioffe Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, 194021, Politekhnicheskaya st., 26), junior researcher, specialist in the field of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials. E mail: equilibrium2027@yandex.ru.
Nashchekin Alexey — Ioffe Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, 194021, Politekhnicheskaya st., 26), senior scientist, specialist in the field of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials. E-mail: nashchekin@mail.ioffe.ru.
Likhachev Kirill — Ioffe Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, 194021, Politekhnicheskaya st., 26), junior researcher, specialist in confocal spectroscopy. E mail: likhachevkv@mail.ioffe.ru.
Shchegolkov Alexander V., Shchegolkov Alexei V., Chumak M.A., Naschykin A.V., Likhachev K.V. Sintez uglerodnyh nanotrubok s pomoshch'yu SVCH izlucheniya dlya modifikacii elastomera s uluchshennoj elektro- i teploprovodnost'yu [Synthesis of carbon nanotubes using microwave radiation to modify elastomer with improved electrical and thermal conductivity]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2024, no. 4, pp. 54 – 65. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-54-65
Influence of plastic deformation technology
on mechanical properties of composites based on PTFE
P. N. Petrova, M. A. Markova
This paper presents the results of research on the development of technology for plastic deformation of polymer blanks based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and carbon fibers of the UVIS-AK-P brand in order to increase their strength and creep resistance. The dependence of the physico-mechanical, tribotechnical characteristics and structure formation of the obtained composites on the production technology is investigated. It is established that the composites obtained using various schemes of plastic deformation of polymer blanks differ in the nature of deformation under tension, structure formation and the nature of wear of the samples. It is shown that the use of a multidirectional scheme of plastic deformation of workpieces based on PTFE makes it possible to obtain isotropic polymer materials with improved strength properties and increased resistance to deformation under load.
Keywords: polytetrafluoroethylene, carbon fibers, creep, wear resistance, strength, plastic deformation, yield strength, deformation.
DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-66-76
Petrova Pavlina — Institute of problems of oil and gas, Siberian branch, Russian academy of sciences Siberian Branch of RAS (677000, Yakutsk Avtodorojnaya, 20), PhD Eng Sciences, associate professor, leading researcher, specialist in the field of composite materials based on polytetrafluoroethylene and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. E-mail: ppavlina@yandex.ru.
Markova Marfa — Institute of problems of oil and gas, Siberian branch, Russian academy of sciences Siberian Branch of RAS (677000, Yakutsk Avtodorojnaya, 20), junior researcher, specialist in the field of composite materials based on polytetrafluoroethylene. E-mail: markovamusya@mail.ru.
Petrova P.N., Markova M.A. Vliyanie tekhnologii plasticheskogo deformirovaniya na mekhanicheskie svojstva kompozitov na osnove politetraftoretilena [Influence of plastic deformation technology on mechanical properties of composites based on PTFE]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2024, no. 4, pp. 66 – 76 DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-66-76
Influence of cathodic introduction of chrome
into zinc coating on its protective ability
I. S. Pankratov, N. D. Solovieva
The influence of cathodic introduction of chromium into the surface layers of a zinc coating on the change in its corrosion resistance has been determined. Electrodeposition of zinc from electrolytes of various compositions was carried out on electrodes made of St3 steel. TsO grade zinc was used as an anode. Preliminary steel electrode was preparated treating the steel surface of in the potentiostatic mode of pre-phase deposition (DPD) at a potential 50 mV more positive than the equilibrium potential of zinc (Ep) in the working electrolyte for 5 minutes. The zinc coating was applied in potentiostatic mode at a potential of –1.20 V relative to the silver chloride reference electrode. The introduction of chromium into the electrodeposited zinc coating was carried out in the potential range from –0.97 to –1.15 V from electrolytes containing trivalent chromium salt. The results of X-ray fluorescence analysis of the component composition of working electrodes after cathodic introduction of chromium, the morphology of the formed surface obtained using scanning electron microscopy, indicate the presence of chromium in the coating composition and its effect on the structure of the deposit. The corrosion resistance of modified zinc coatings by cathodic introduction of chromium at potentials of –1.05 V and –1.10 V for 5 minutes exceeds this characteristic of chromated zinc.
Keywords: zinc coating, acidic electrolyte, pre-phase treatment, cathodic introduction, potentiostatic mode, trivalent chromium, coating structure, protective ability.
DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-77-84
Pankratov Ilya — Yu.A. Gagarin Saratov State Technical University (410054, Saratov, Politekhnicheskaya street, 77), post-graduate student. E-mail: ilya.wolf765@yandex.ru.
Solovieva Nina — Engels Institute of Technology, Yu.A. Gagarin Saratov State Technical University (413100, Engels, Svobody Square, 17), Doctor of Sciences (Eng), professor, specialist in the field of electrochemical production. E-mail: tepeti@mail.ru.
Pankratov I.S., Solovieva N.D. Vliyanie katodnogo vnedreniya hroma v cinkovoe pokrytie na ego zashchitnuyu sposobnost' [Influence of cathodic introduction of chrome into zinc coating on its protective ability]. Perspektivnye Materialy [Advanced Materials] (in Russ), 2024, no. 4, pp. 77 – 84. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2024-4-77-84
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