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PERSPEKTIVNYE MATERIALY

2020, №10

Influence of ion treatment modes on the physical and mechanical properties of zirconia ceramics

S. А. Ghyngаzоv, V. А. Коstеnко, A. K. Khassenov


The article considers the influence of the treatment modes by N2+ and Ar+ions beams on the physical and mechanical properties of zirconia ceramics. Surface modification of zirconia ceramics was performed using two modes of ion treatment — pulsed and continuous. The pulse mode of treatment by N2+ions was realized at an accelerating voltage of 250 – 300 kV, current density  j = 150 – 200 A/cm2, and energy density W = (3.5 and 5) ± 5 % J/cm2. The continuous mode of treatment by Ar+ions was realized at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV and an ion current density of 300 and 500 μA/cm2. The fluence of the Ar+ ion beam varied from 1016 to 1018cm–2. It is established that the pulsed mode of ion treatment leads to the melting and recrystallization of the surface of ceramics. It is shown that this treatment leads to a violation of the oxygen stoichiometry in ceramics and, as a result, there is an appearance of electrical conductivity in the near-surface layers, the layers of zirconia ceramics become conductive. It was established that the continuous mode of ion treatment does not lead to the melting and recrystallization of the ceramics surface, but is accompanied by its slight etching. It is shown that under the action of continuous ion treatment, microhardness increases (by 14 %). Hardening of the surface layers of ceramics is observed at a depth that exceeds the average projected range of Ar+ ion by 103 times.


Keywords:zirconia ceramics, ion treatment, microhardness, electrical conductivity.


DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-5-18

Ghyngazov Sergei — National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University (30, Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russia), Dr Sci (Eng), leading researcher, specialist in the production and processing of ceramic materials by radiation exposure methods. E-mail: ghyngazov@tpu.ru.

Kostenko Valeria — National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University (30, Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russia), postgraduate student of Research School of High-Energy Physics of Tomsk Polytechnic University. E-mail: kostenkova@tpu.ru.

Khassenov Ayanbergen — E.A. Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda
(28, Universitetskaya street, 100026, Karaganda, Kazakhstan), PhD, assistant professor of the physical and technical faculty. E-mail: ayanbergen@mail.ru.

Reference citing:

Ghyngаzоv S.А., Коstеnко V.А., Khassenov A.K. Vliyanie rezhimov ionnoj obrabotki na fiziko-mekhanicheskie svojstva cirkonievoj keramiki [Influence of ion treatment modes on the physical and mechanical properties of zirconia ceramics]. Perspektivnye Materialy — Advanced Materials (in Russ), 2020, no. 10, pp. 5 – 18. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-5-18

Composite material based on intermetallic alloy VKNA type reinforced with oxide particles

O. A. Bazyleva, I. Yu. Efimochkin, E. G. Arginbaeva, R. S. Kuptsov, M. M. Karashaev


The technology of obtaining of composite material experimental samples based on VKNA type an intermetallic alloy reinforced with oxide particles in an amount of 2 – 5 vol. % is presented. Anintermetallic VKNA-1V alloycontaining the 80 – 90 mas. % of  g'-phase was used as the matrix prototype. Al2O3 particles, as well as complex oxides Al2O3·Y2O3, Al2O3·Y2O3·HfO2, were used as reinforcing particles. Granules of VKNA-1V alloy were obtained by gas atomization at the Hermiga Gas Atomiser. Subsequently, these granules were subjected to mechanical alloying with the aim of introducing particles of the above mentioned oxides compositions to form a composite mixture corresponding in composition to the aimed composite material. Experimental composite material samples with different reinforcing particles contents were obtained from powder mixtures by spark plasma sintering (SPS) with further hot isostatic pressing (HIP). To study the microstructure of experimental samples the method of scanning electron microscopy was used. Time to failure of experimental samples sintered by spark plasma combined with HIP was determined at a temperature of 900 °С and stress of 50 MPa; 45 MPa and 35 MPa. It is shown that to determine the application areas of the developed composition, the hot isostatic pressing operation is necessary, but not sufficient.


Keywords: intermetallic compounds, VKNA, mechanical alloying, hot isostatic pressing, composite material, reinforcing particles, oxides.


DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-19-27

Bazyleva Olga — All-Russian scientific research institute of aviation materials (FSUE VIAM, Moscow, 105005, Radio st., 17), PhD (Eng), deputy head of laboratory Ni-based superalloys, specialist in the field of intermetallic alloys based on Ni3Al. E-mail: intermetallidbaz@gmail.com.

Arginbaeva Elvira — All-Russian scientific research institute of aviation materials (FSUE VIAM, Moscow, 105005, Radio st., 17), PhD (Eng), head of sector of laboratory Ni-based superalloys, specialist in the field of intermetallic alloys based on Ni3Al. E-mail: elargin@mail.ru.

Efimochkin Ivan — All-Russian scientific research institute of aviation materials (FSUE VIAM, Moscow, 105005, Radio st., 17), deputy head of laboratory Metal composite materials, specialist in the field of high-temperature composite materials with metal matrix.

Kuptsov Roman — All-Russian scientific research institute of aviation materials (FSUE VIAM, Moscow, 105005, Radio st., 17), engineer of laboratory Metal composite materials, specialist in the field of high-temperature composite materials with metal matrix.

Karashaev Mukhamed — All-Russian scientific research institute of aviation materials (FSUE VIAM, Moscow, 105005, Radio st., 17), PhD (Eng), lead engineer, specialist in the field of high-temperature composite materials with metal matrix.

Reference citing:

Bazyleva O.A., Efimochkin I.Yu., Arginbaeva E.G., Kuptsov R.S., Karashaev M.M. Kompozicionnyj material na osnove intermetallidnogo splava tipa VKNA, armirovannogo oksidami [Composite material based on intermetallic alloy VKNA type reinforced with oxide particles]. Perspektivnye Materialy — Advanced Materials (in Russ), 2020, no. 10, pp. 19 – 27. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-19-27

Features of interpretation of luminescence spectra
of zinc oxide films on sapphire


A. M. Ismailov, A. E. Muslimov


In the presented work features of interpretation of luminescent spectral dependence properties of ZnO films on sapphire are given. For complex analysis, films of ZnO of different thickness obtained in oxygen medium at different substrate temperatures are considered using the stage of recrystallysis annealing. It is shown that only a red (650 – 1000 nm) band ZnO sapphire substrate is observed in the spectrum of cathodoluminescence of thin films obtained at low temperature of the substrate, and luminescence of the film ZnO fed by excessive defect. Prolonged recrystallization annealing results in improved quality of thin ZnO films and a broad (430 – 740 nm) band in the ZnO. With an increase the film thickness, only bands associated with ZnO appear in the cathodoluminescence spectra: the edge luminescence band (maximum 390 nm) and the red band (500 – 950 nm with a maximum in the region of 710 nm) are associated with charged zinc vacancies. Focusing the beam leads to local heating of the sample and an increase in the concentration of interstitial zinc. This is due to the displacement of the edge light band into the 410 nm region, as well as the blue mixing of the defective luminescence band.


Keywords: sapphire, films, zinc oxide, luminescence.


DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-28-33

Ismailov Abubakar — Dagestan State University (367000, Russia, the Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala, Gadzhiyev Street, bld. 43-a), PhD (Phys-Math), associated professor, specialist in the field of growth of thin films and their characterization. E-mail: egdada@mail.ru.

Muslimov Arsen — FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS (Leninskii pr. 59, Moscow, 117333 Russia), Dr Sci (Phys-Math), leading researcher, expert in the field of growth of thin films and their characterization. E-mail: amuslimov@mail.ru.

Reference citing:

Ismailov A.M., Muslimov A.E. Osobennosti interpretacii spektrov lyuminescencii plenok oksida cinka na sapfire [Features of interpretation of luminescence spectra of zinc oxide films on sapphire]. Perspektivnye Materialy — Advanced Materials (in Russ), 2020, no. 10, pp. 28 – 33. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-28-33

Features of metal destruction under pulse laser
and beam-plasma exposure


V. A. Gribkov, S. V. Latyshev, V. N. Pimenov, S. A. Maslayev, E. V. Demina,
A. S. Demin, E. V. Morozov, N. A. Epifanov, E. E. Kazilin, I. P. Sasinovskaya


The features of the destructive effect of high-pressure generated under comparable conditions, namely, upon irradiation of target samples with pulsed laser radiation and beam-plasma flows created in Plasma Focus (PF) devices, on metal materials were studied. In both cases, close parameters of radiation-heat treatment were provided: power density q~ 1010–1011 W/cm2 and pulse duration τ ~ 10 –100 ns. It have been shown that the double exposure of laser radiation to thin samples of vanadium and molybdenum with a thickness of 0.3 mm and 0.1 mm, respectively, leads to the formation of molten zones in the materials, inside which there were deep craters. The craters extended over the entire thickness of the samples, on the reverse side of which the recesses end with holes of ~ 0.1 mm for V and 0.2 mm for Mo. In a tungsten sample 0.2 mm thick, the depth of the craters in the molten zone was less than its thickness and there were microcracks on the back of the sample. Based on numerical estimates of the process under study, it was suggested that the observed effects are associated with the creation of high pressure zones of ~ 1 – 10 GPa in the irradiated targets, localized in microregions of radiusr ~ 0.1 mm. In these zones, the behavior of the solid phase of the target materials, for which the tensile strength σB ≤ 1 GPa (V, Mo, W), under high pressure became close to the behavior of the liquid. The pseudo-liquid phase of the material was displaced from the center of the crater, where the pressure was maximum, to its periphery to the region of low pressure with the subsequent release of matter from the target through the irradiated surface at a speed of ~ 103m/s. In experiments using the PF, the mechanism responsible for the formation of craters when a powerful pulsed laser radiation is applied to the target is not realized due to the different nature of the distribution of the absorbed energy density in the surface layer of the irradiated sample. The region in which the energy absorbed during the of particles implantation into the material was determined mainly by the average energy and the diameter of the ion beam (Еi ≈ 100  keV,  d ~ 2 – 10 mm) and exceeds by one or two orders of magnitude the corresponding volume under laser irradiation.


Keywords:pulsed laser radiation, plasma focus, pulsed ion and plasma flows, crater formation.


DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-34-47

Gribkov Vladimir — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science RAS (49 Leninskii Prospect, Moscow 119334, Russia), DrSci (Phys-Math), prof., principal research worker.

Latyshev Sergei — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science of RAS (49 Leninskii Prospect, Moscow 119334, Russia), PhD, senior research worker; Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics (8a Aviamotornaya Street, Moscow 111024, Russia), associate professor. E-mail: latyshevsv@rambler.ru.

Pimenov Valeriy — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science RAS (49 Leninskii Prospect, Moscow 119334, Russia), Dr Sci (Phys-Math), head of laboratory. E-mail:
pimval@mail.ru.

Maslyaev Sergey — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science RAS (49 Leninskii Prospect, Moscow 119334, Russia), PhD, senior research worker. E-mail: maslyaev@mail.ru

Demina Elena — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science RAS, (49 Leninskii Prospect, Moscow, 119334, Russia), PhD, leading research worker. E-mail: elenadyom@mail.ru.

Demin Aleksandr — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science of RAS (49 Leninskii Prospect, Moscow 119334, Russia), research worker. E-mail: casha@bk.ru.

Morozov Evgenii — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science of RAS (49 Leninskii Prospect, Moscow 119334, Russia), research worker. E-mail: lieutenant@list.ru.

Epifanov Nikita — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science RAS (49 LeninskiiProspect, Moscow 119334, Russia), junior researcher; National Research University Higher School of Economics (20 Myasnitskaya, Moscow 101000, Russia), postgraduate student. E-mail: mophix94@gmail.com.

Kazilin Evgeniy — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science RAS (49 Leninskii Prospect, Moscow 119334, Russia), PhD, senior research worker. E-mail addres: casha@bk.ru.

Sasinovskaya Irina — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science RAS (49 LeninskiiProspect, Moscow 119334, Russia), research worker. E-mail address:
porfirievna@mail.ru.

Reference citing:

Gribkov V.A., Latyshev S.V., Pimenov V.N., Maslayev S.A., Demina E.V., Demin A.S., Morozov E.V., Epifanov N.A., Kazilin E.E., Sasinovskaya I.P. Osobennosti razrusheniya metallov pri impul'snom lazernom i puchkovo-plazmennom vozdejstvii [Features of metal destruction under pulse laser and beam-plasma exposure]. Perspektivnye Materialy — Advanced Materials (in Russ), 2020, no. 10, pp. 34 – 47. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-34-47

Physicomechanical properties of composites based on various types of polyethylene and aluminum

H. V. Allakhverdiyeva, N. T. Kakhramanov, I. I. Ismayilov


The paper presents the results of a study of the effect of aluminum content on the physic-mechanical properties of composites based on high density polyethylene and low density polyethylene. The properties of metal-filled composites, such as ultimate tensile stress, elongation at break, elastic module, melt flow rate, and heat resistance, were studied. According to the data obtained, the loading of aluminum into the composition of low density polyethylene contributes to a monotonic increase in the ultimate tensile stress and the elastic module. When aluminum is loading into the composition of high density polyethylene, on the contrary, a natural decrease in the ultimate tensile stress and elongation at break of the composites is observed. It is shown that when using a compatibilizer, which is polyethylene modified with maleic anhydride, a significant increase in the ultimate tensile stress of high-density polyethylene composites is observed. A schematic representation of the structure of composites with an interpretation of the probable mechanism of hardening of the material in the presence of a compatibilizer is given. It is shown that the crystallinity of the initial polyethylene has a significant effect on the hardening effect of composites. Electron microscopic micrographs of the structure of a filled composite without and with compatibilizer are given. A comparative assessment shows that in the presence of a compatibilizer, aluminum particles are in the bulk of the polymer matrix, i.e. are not in an isolated state. It is assumed that HDPE macrochains free of maleic anhydride (MA) are involved in the formation of crystalline formations, and small sections of macrosegments containing polar groups of MA are concentrated mainly in amorphous regions and in defects in crystalline structures in the form of passage chains. The concentration of PEMA macrosegments containing MA in the narrow amorphous space of HDPE favorably affects the increase in the adhesive forces of interaction on the surface of aluminum particles, which affects the preservation of the ultimate tensile stress at a relatively high level over a wide range of aluminum concentrations.


Keywords: aluminum, maleic anhydride, ultimate tensile stress, compatibilizer, elongation at break.


DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-48-55

Allakhverdiyeva Khayala Vagif gizi —Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (Sumgait, Azerbaijan, Az5004, S.Vurgun Str, 124), PhD, associate professor, leading researcher, specialist in the development and study of the structure and properties of composite materials based on polyolefins, metals and natural minerals.

Kakhramanov Najaf Tofig oglu —Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (Sumgait, Azerbaijan, Az5004, S.Vurgun Str, 124), Dr Sci (Chem), professor, head of laboratory, specialist in the field of chemical, mechanochemical modification of polymers, development and study of the structure and physicomechanical properties of composite materials based on polyolefins and mineral fillers, sizing of fillers, polymer processing. E-mail: najaf1946@rambler.ru.

Ismayilov Ismayil Alish oglu —Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (Sumgait, Azerbaijan, Az5004, S.Vurgun Str, 124), PhD, associate professor, specialist in the study of physical and mechanical properties of polymer materials.

Reference citing:

Allakhverdiyeva H.V., Kakhramanov N.T., Ismayilov I.I. Fiziko-mekhanicheskie svojstva kompozitov na osnove polietilena razlichnyh tipov i alyuminiya [Physicomechanical properties of composites based on various types of polyethylene and aluminum]. Perspektivnye Materialy — Advanced Materials (in Russ), 2020, no. 10, pp. 48 – 55. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-48-55

Structure, phase composition and mechanical properties of composites based on ZrO2 and multi-walled carbon nanotubes

A. A. Leonov, E. V. Abdulmenova, M. P. Kalashnikov


In this work, composites based on yttria-stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP), with additives of 1, 5 and 10 wt. % multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated. Samples were obtained by spark plasma sintering at a temperature of 1500 °C. It was found that MWCNTs retain their structure after high-temperature sintering, they are located along the grain boundaries of ZrO2, forming a network structure. Found that the addition of 1 wt. % MWCNTs increase the relative density of the composite from 98.3 % to 99.0 %. It is noted that nanotubes can significantly affect the phase composition of composites. Additive 5 wt. % MWCNT partially limits the monoclinic-tetragonal phase transition of ZrO2, and the addition of 10 wt. % MWCNTs leads to the formation of a cubic phase of zirconium carbide. It was found that the fracture toughness of the composite with 10 wt. % MWCNTs increases from 4.0 to 5.7 MPa·m1/2.


Keywords:composite, zirconia, carbon nanotubes, mechanical properties.


DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-56-68

Leonov Andrey — National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, School of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (634050, Tomsk, Lenin Ave., 30), engineer; Institute of High Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (634055, Tomsk, Akademicheskiy ave., 2/3), junior researcher; specializes in ceramic and composite materials. E-mail: laa-91@yandex.ru.

Abdulmenova Ekaterina —National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, School of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (634050, Tomsk, Lenin Ave., 30), engineer; Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (634055, Tomsk, Akademicheskiy ave., 2/4), engineer, specializes in powder metallurgy and X-ray phase analysis. E-mail: ekaterina.v.abdulmenova@yandex.ru.

Kalashnikov Mark — National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, School of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (634050, Tomsk, Lenin Ave., 30), engineer; Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (634055, Tomsk, Akademicheskiy ave., 2/4), lead technologist, specializes in electron microscopy. E-mail: kmp1980@mail.ru.

Reference citing:

Leonov A.A., Abdulmenova E.V., Kalashnikov M.P. Struktura, fazovyj sostav i fiziko-mekhanicheskie svojstva kompozitov na osnove ZrO2 i mnogostennyh uglerodnyh nanotrubok [Structure, phase composition and mechanical properties of composites based on ZrO2and multi-walled carbon nanotubes]. Perspektivnye Materialy — Advanced Materials (in Russ), 2020, no. 10, pp. 56 – 68. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-56-68

Local defects in extended ductile amorphous wires produced by the Ulitovsky – Taylor method

V. V. Molokanov, A. N. Krutilin, N. A. Palii, O. S. Antonova


Typical local defects were identified in extended ductile amorphous Co-based alloy wires, having 50 – 110 µm in diameter, obtained by Ulitovsky – Taylor in a continuous process of drawing a jet of melt in a glass shell. The studies found that gas pores and necks are local defects of glass-coated wires. The paper analyses the impact of the dissolved in the metal melt gas and glass-coating stress on the drawing process stability and the geometric parameters of the wire. The formation of hidden pores is due to gas expelling and redistribution of gas following the melt stream solidification. It is noted that gas porosity would not result in spontaneous breaks and changes in wire geometry. The characteristic form of a brittle rupture of an amorphous wire was observed upon fracture by bending in the region of gas porosity. It was in the studies revealing that amorphous wire neck formation was caused by high temperature transverse ring cracking of the glass-coating in contact with quenching liquid. Elastic deformation of amorphous wire in the vicinity of neck flows through the mechanism of formation and sliding transverse shear band. It is noted that the longitudinal destruction of the glass shell does not affect the geometric parameters of the amorphous wire. The procedures for local defects eliminating while producing ductile amorphous wires and the possible prospects for the variable diameter wires manufacturing are proposed.


Keywords:metal melt, amorphous wire, closed gas pores, Ulitovsky – Taylor method, defects, wire neck.


DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-69-78

Molokanov Vyacheslav — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science Russian Academy of Sciences (119334, Russia, Moscow, Leninsky prospect, 49), PhD (Eng), leading research scientist, expert in prepapation/producing and physical-chemical analysis of amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys. E-mail: molokano@imet.ac.ru.

Krutilin Andrei — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science Russian Academy of Sciences (119334, Russia, Moscow, Leninsky prospect, 49), research engineer, expert in process development of microcoils.

Palii Natalia — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science Russian Academy of Sciences (119334, Russia, Moscow, Leninsky prospect, 49), senior researcher, expert in physical-chemical analysis of amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys. E-mail: palii@imet.ac.ru.

Antonova Olga — Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science Russian Academy of Sciences (119334, Russia, Moscow, Leninsky prospect, 49), junior researcher, expert in electron microscopy. E-mail: osantonova@yandex.ru.

Reference citing:

Molokanov V.V., Krutilin A.N., Palii N.A., Antonova O.S. Lokal'nye defekty v protyazhennyh plastichnyh amorfnyh provodah, izgotovlennyh metodom Ulitovskogo – Tejlora [Local defects in extended ductile amorphous wires produced by the Ulitovsky – Taylor method]. Perspektivnye Materialy — Advanced Materials (in Russ), 2020, no. 10, pp. 69 – 78. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-69-78

Effect of energy on the phase composition of the product of arc discharge synthesis in the tungsten-carbon system obtained
in a self-shielding autonomous gas environment

A. Ya. Pak, A. I. Kokorina


The paper presents the results of experimental studies on the preparation of ultrafine powder materials of the tungsten-carbon system in the plasma of a direct current arc discharge initiated in an ambient air. According to the results of X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis, the product identifies micro-sized and nanoscale crystalline objects that are carbon graphite-like materials gC, tungsten carbides WC and W2C with a hexagonal structure, tungsten W with a cubic structure. As a result of a series of experiments, the possibility of influencing the phase composition of the synthesis product by the amount of energy supplied, which is linearly dependent on the duration of the arc discharge, was established. In this case, tungsten oxide phases were not found in the composition of the synthesis products within the framework of the applied analytical techniques. The process of obtaining non-oxide materials during the generation of a direct current arc plasma in the presence of carbon and tungsten is possible due to the intense generation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases, which shield the reaction volume from atmospheric oxygen. Thus, in the framework of the presented work, the possibility of controlling the phase composition of the product of vacuumless arc synthesis in the tungsten-carbon system by changing the duration of the discharge burning at a constant direct current was shown for the first time.


Keywords: Arc synthesis, vacuumless method, tungsten carbide, arc energy, synthesis duration.


DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-79-87

Pak Alexander —National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University (Tomsk, 634034, Lenin Avenue, 30), PhD, associate professor, researcher at the Ecoenergy 4.0 research center, specialist in the field of electric arc installations, coaxial plasma accelerators, superhard materials, carbides of metals and nonmetals. E-mail: ayapak@tpu.ru.

Kokorina Alexandra —National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University (Tomsk, 634034, Lenin Avenue, 30), student. E-mail: aik48@tpu.ru.

Reference citing:

Pak A.Ya., Kokorina A.I. Vliyanie energii na fazovyj sostav produkta elektrodugovogo sinteza sistemy “vol'fram – uglerod”, poluchennogo v samoekraniruyushchejsya avtonomnoj gazovoj srede [Effect of energy on the phase composition of the product of arc discharge synthesis in the tungsten-carbon system obtained in a self-shielding autonomous gas environment]. Perspektivnye Materialy — Advanced Materials (in Russ), 2020, no. 10, pp. 79 – 87. DOI: 10.30791/1028-978X-2020-10-79-87

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